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- Archive-name: space/schedule
- Last-modified: $Date: 93/06/02 23:14:15 $
-
- SPACE SHUTTLE ANSWERS, LAUNCH SCHEDULES, TV COVERAGE
-
- SHUTTLE LAUNCHINGS AND LANDINGS; SCHEDULES AND HOW TO SEE THEM
-
- Shuttle operations are discussed in the Usenet group sci.space.shuttle,
- and Ken Hollis (gandalf@pro-electric.cts.com) posts a compressed version
- of the shuttle manifest (launch dates and other information)
- periodically there. The manifest is also available from the Ames SPACE
- archive in SPACE/FAQ/manifest. The portion of his manifest formerly
- included in this FAQ has been removed; please refer to his posting or
- the archived copy. For the most up to date information on upcoming
- missions, call (407) 867-INFO (867-4636) at Kennedy Space Center.
-
- Official NASA shuttle status reports are posted to sci.space.news
- frequently.
-
-
- WHY DOES THE SHUTTLE ROLL JUST AFTER LIFTOFF?
-
- The following answer and translation are provided by Ken Jenks
- (kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov).
-
- The "Ascent Guidance and Flight Control Training Manual," ASC G&C 2102,
- says:
-
- "During the vertical rise phase, the launch pad attitude is
- commanded until an I-loaded V(rel) sufficient to assure launch tower
- clearance is achieved. Then, the tilt maneuver (roll program)
- orients the vehicle to a heads down attitude required to generate a
- negative q-alpha, which in turn alleviates structural loading. Other
- advantages with this attitude are performance gain, decreased abort
- maneuver complexity, improved S-band look angles, and crew view of
- the horizon. The tilt maneuver is also required to start gaining
- downrange velocity to achieve the main engine cutoff (MECO) target
- in second stage."
-
- This really is a good answer, but it's couched in NASA jargon. I'll try
- to interpret.
-
- 1) We wait until the Shuttle clears the tower before rolling.
-
- 2) Then, we roll the Shuttle around so that the angle of attack
- between the wind caused by passage through the atmosphere (the
- "relative wind") and the chord of the wings (the imaginary line
- between the leading edge and the trailing edge) is a slightly
- negative angle ("a negative q-alpha"). This causes a little bit of
- "downward" force (toward the belly of the Orbiter, or the +Z
- direction) and this force "alleviates structural loading."
- We have to be careful about those wings -- they're about the
- most "delicate" part of the vehicle.
-
- 3) The new attitude (after the roll) also allows us to carry more
- mass to orbit, or to achieve a higher orbit with the same mass, or
- to change the orbit to a higher or lower inclination than would be
- the case if we didn't roll ("performance gain").
-
- 4) The new attitude allows the crew to fly a less complicated
- flight path if they had to execute one of the more dangerous abort
- maneuvers, the Return To Launch Site ("decreased abort maneuver
- complexity").
-
- 5) The new attitude improves the ability for ground-based radio
- antennae to have a good line-of-sight signal with the S-band radio
- antennae on the Orbiter ("improved S-band look angles").
-
- 6) The new attitude allows the crew to see the horizon, which is a
- helpful (but not mandatory) part of piloting any flying machine.
-
- 7) The new attitude orients the Shuttle so that the body is
- more nearly parallel with the ground, and the nose to the east
- (usually). This allows the thrust from the engines to add velocity
- in the correct direction to eventually achieve orbit. Remember:
- velocity is a vector quantity made of both speed and direction.
- The Shuttle has to have a large horizontal component to its
- velocity and a very small vertical component to attain orbit.
-
- This all begs the question, "Why isn't the launch pad oriented to give
- this nice attitude to begin with? Why does the Shuttle need to roll to
- achieve that attitude?" The answer is that the pads were leftovers
- from the Apollo days. The Shuttle straddles two flame trenches -- one
- for the Solid Rocket Motor exhaust, one for the Space Shuttle Main
- Engine exhaust. (You can see the effects of this on any daytime
- launch. The SRM exhaust is dirty gray garbage, and the SSME exhaust is
- fluffy white steam. Watch for the difference between the "top"
- [Orbiter side] and the "bottom" [External Tank side] of the stack.) The
- access tower and other support and service structure are all oriented
- basically the same way they were for the Saturn V's. (A side note: the
- Saturn V's also had a roll program. Don't ask me why -- I'm a Shuttle
- guy.)
-
- I checked with a buddy in Ascent Dynamics. He added that the "roll
- maneuver" is really a maneuver in all three axes: roll, pitch and yaw.
- The roll component of that maneuver is performed for the reasons
- stated. The pitch component controls loading on the wings by keeping
- the angle of attack (q-alpha) within a tight tolerance. The yaw
- component is used to determine the orbital inclination. The total
- maneuver is really expressed as a "quaternion," a grad-level-math
- concept for combining all three rotation matrices in one four-element
- array.
-
-
- HOW TO RECEIVE THE NASA TV CHANNEL, NASA SELECT
-
- NASA SELECT is broadcast by satellite. If you have access to a satellite
- dish, you can find SELECT on Satcom F2R, Transponder 13, C-Band, 72
- degrees West Longitude, Audio 6.8, Frequency 3960 MHz. F2R is stationed
- over the Atlantic, and is increasingly difficult to receive from
- California and points west. During events of special interest (e.g.
- shuttle missions), SELECT is sometimes broadcast on a second satellite
- for these viewers.
-
- If you can't get a satellite feed, some cable operators carry SELECT.
- It's worth asking if yours doesn't.
-
- The SELECT schedule is found in the NASA Headline News which is
- frequently posted to sci.space.news. Generally it carries press
- conferences, briefings by NASA officials, and live coverage of shuttle
- missions and planetary encounters. SELECT has recently begun carrying
- much more secondary material (associated with SPACELINK) when missions
- are not being covered.
-
-
- AMATEUR RADIO FREQUENCIES FOR SHUTTLE MISSIONS
-
- The following are believed to rebroadcast space shuttle mission audio:
-
- W6FXN - Los Angeles
- K6MF - Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California
- WA3NAN - Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland.
- W5RRR - Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas
- W6VIO - Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, California.
- W1AW Voice Bulletins
-
- Station VHF 10m 15m 20m 40m 80m
- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ----- -----
- W6FXN 145.46
- K6MF 145.585 7.165 3.840
- WA3NAN 147.45 28.650 21.395 14.295 7.185 3.860
- W5RRR 146.64 28.400 21.350 14.280 7.227 3.850
- W6VIO 224.04 21.340 14.270
- W6VIO 224.04 21.280 14.282 7.165 3.840
- W1AW 28.590 21.390 14.290 7.290 3.990
-
- W5RRR transmits mission audio on 146.64, a special event station on the
- other frequencies supplying Keplerian Elements and mission information.
-
- W1AW also transmits on 147.555, 18.160. No mission audio but they
- transmit voice bulletins at 0245 and 0545 UTC.
-
- Frequencies in the 10-20m bands require USB and frequencies in the 40
- and 80m bands LSB. Use FM for the VHF frequencies.
-
- [This item was most recently updated courtesy of Gary Morris
- (g@telesoft.com, KK6YB, N5QWC)]
-
-
- SOLID ROCKET BOOSTER FUEL COMPOSITION
-
- Reference: "Shuttle Flight Operations Manual" Volume 8B - Solid Rocket
- Booster Systems, NASA Document JSC-12770
-
- Propellant Composition (percent)
-
- Ammonium perchlorate (oxidizer) 69.6
- Aluminum 16
- Iron Oxide (burn rate catalyst) 0.4
- Polybutadiene-acrilic acid-acrylonitrile (a rubber) 12.04
- Epoxy curing agent 1.96
-
- End reference
-
- Comment: The aluminum, rubber, and epoxy all burn with the oxidizer.
-
- NEXT: FAQ #8/13 - Historical planetary probes
-